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Qasr: (shortening) Reciting without lengthening.
Reciting in a short way -without lengthening- is acceptable
if there is no reason for lengthening. For example:

Avala. This word cannot be recited as "Aa
vaa laa"

Medd: This means lengthening. It is of two types:
1. Medd tabee'i to read (natural - original)
This is the medd (lengthening) without which the letter
cannot exist and it is not shortened due to hamza or a
sukoon.

As

Medd tabee'i is lengthened two vowel counts. This
is called "one alif vowel lengthening":

Sa Saa Ha Haa

2. Under Medd far'i: ( derived medd)
This is the medd (lengthening) added to medd tabee'i.
Although medd tabee'i lengthens "one alif vowel", medd
far'i lengthens 2,3 or 4 alif vowels.