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263 PARTICIPLES

Spend/waste fiillerinden sonra zaman veya para ifadesi geldikten sonra present participle
kullanılır:

She spent much money buying new dresses.
He spent five hours chatting.
I wasted a lot of money modernizing my house.
They wasted the whole day watching TV.

 Perfect Participle:

active cümlede : having + V(3)ed
passive cümlede : having been + V(3)ed

Perfect participle yapısı present perfect, past perfect ve simple past tense’in yerine kullanıla-
bilir. Perfect participle’da belirtilen eylem daima ana cümlede belirtilen eylemden önce yer
alır:

They have finished the project, so they will hand it to their teacher tomorrow.
Having finished the project, they will hand it to their teacher tomorrow.

After we had driven for more than eight hours incessantly, we got very tired.
Having driven for more than eight hours incessantly, we got very tired

Because he has taken an F in the test, he is happy.
Having taken an F in the test, he is happy.

She has been dismissed from the factory, so she is looking for a job.
Having been dismissed from the factory, she is looking for a job.

He had been reprimanded by his teacher, so he didn’t go to school the other day.
Having been reprimanded by his teacher, he didn’t go to school the other day.

 Past participle: V(3)ed

Bu ortaç, önünde hiçbir bağlaç kullanılmaksızın edilgen çatı (passive voice) yerine kullanı-
labilir:

When it was viewed from a distance, the island of Gökçeada looked like a cloud.
Viewed from a distance, the island of Gökçeada looked like a cloud.

She was aroused by the crash and she leapt to her feet.
Aroused by the crash, she leapt to her feet.